Management Challenges in Jervis Bay Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Management Challenges in Jervis Bay. Answer: Presentation: Jervis Bay is the area that is arranged at the waterfront district of NSW Australia, it has been dissected that it is confronting a portion of the ecological issues and therefore getting influenced adversely by the equivalent. It is required to have legitimate administration in order to be in a feasible domain. The emphasis in made on Jervis Bay since this is the spot wealthy in assortment of widely varied vegetation species and therefore have rich characteristic legacy and is considered as one of the most well known spot for vacationers to visit. The report talks about the three significant condition issues looked by the spot and their effects on the equivalent (Mller, Allen and Harcourt, 2002). Different methodologies that are being actualized by the legislature are likewise been examined and suggestion have been made at the later piece of the report that causes the administration to cause the procedures so as to deal with the ecological issues at Jervis Bay. Jervis cove area: Jervis Bay is the locale that has the zone of 102 square kilometers and situated on the shoreline of New south Wales, Australia. the scope of territories at the spot incorporates rock stages, sea shores, estuaries, ridges, heath backwoods, maritime water and so forth the most well known territory of his inlet is Booderee national part that is one of the popular national park in Australia. The range in living spaces brings about various composed of climatic conditions at the spot and consequently underpins the life of scope of species ashore and ocean also. As this spot has scope of species and territory and accordingly influence nature of the spot unfavorably. This proposes despite the fact that the spot is having fluctuated life framework yet nature is getting influenced in negative manner. This builds up the difficulties for the administration of the spot to oversee such natural difficulties. Ecological difficulties: Ecological difficulties can be characterized as the progressions that happen in the different components of the condition that outcomes in various kinds of negative effect on the life at that place. As examined that Jervis Bay is the spot with fluctuated species along these lines the adjustment in atmosphere and distinctive natural changes happen can influence those life (Sant, 1996). A portion of the natural difficulties that influence the administration of those difficulties have been examined beneath: Environmental change: All in all, environmental change can be characterized as the procedure that outcomes in alterations in the typical atmosphere of the spot because of a portion of the exercises. The move or change in the atmosphere may influence the life at that spot and the board of those progressions is required to be done so maintainability can be kept up. Most definitely, it has been investigated that the significant condition difficulties that has been aced by the administration of the spot is climatic changes at Jervis Bay. It has been seen that Jervis Bay is encountering a move in the atmosphere and the temperature of the spot is rising 1.3 to 4.0?c. The adjustment in the atmosphere impacts the existence ta the place and build up a portion of the difficulties in the accompanying manner (Adger, Arnell and Tompkins, 2005). The effect has been seen in the regions like Booderre national park. Jervis Bay National Park and so on in light of the fact that these are the significant areas of the spot. Effect: Power of front: the significant effect that goes about as the difficulties for the Australian government so as to the board the atmosphere is increment of fire force. As Jervis Bay is the locale with heath woodlands consequently effect of environmental change builds the danger of hedge fires. Another side of this effect has been seen such that more CO2 will expand the photosynthesis procedure of the plants and results in age of more fuel however expanded temperature will likewise build the pace of vanishing and the national parks at the spot can be presented to fire dangers. Ascend in ocean level: it has been examined that adjustment in the atmosphere brings about ascent of ocean level also which is a compromising component for the lives at Jervis Bay. This may likewise brings about loss of beach front natural surroundings. Change in maritime flows: Jervis Bay is the spot that is impacted by East Australian Current that encourages the marine existence of the spot however the adjustment in the atmosphere brings about switching the impact of the maritime flows. Change in the atmosphere builds up a difficult situation for the customary secured zones and their administration. It has been dissected that adjustment in the climatic conditions encourages the life of a portion of the animal categories yet additionally has negative effect on the other. Changes in hereditary qualities of the species can likewise be seen. Seaside dangers: Seaside dangers can be characterized as the dangers that are related with the waterfront locale in which the beach front regions are presented to the dangers of the condition that can brings about disintegration of soil, property harm and corruption of the earth. There are three fundamental beach front dangers that have been found at the district of Jervis Bay. Tempest disintegration Coastline downturn Sea flooding Effect: At the hour of tempests, the sand ta the waterfront zones of the ocean get dissolved or expelled from the sea shore side. This disintegration procedure happens for a considerable length of time and along these lines brings about extreme effect. The significant negative effect that happens because of beach front perils is flooding. As the sand close to the coast get dissolved and expelled to different zones and make ridges, these outcomes in void region around the bank of the ocean and in this manner the difference in floods get expanded. Flooding can cause life danger impact of the life of the species at the palce.it has been broke down that Jervis Bay is the spot that is quickly developing with some little town zones that incorporates the sea shores like Cuttatong, Callala Bay and sea shore and so on these are the significant attractions for the visitors at Jervis Bay. Callala sea shore is one of the sea shores that are confronting the issues of beach front dangers and disintegratio n of normal from the coast. It is a low inclination sea shore that is presented to the disintegration. Numerous administration practices and projects have been remembered for request to deal with this risks, for example, development of pontoon slope that has somewhat contributed in settling the issue bit the string storm are as yet expelling the sand at incredible degree. The significant hazard is to the local location close to the coats that are getting influenced these hills and they are presented to the danger of flooding constantly. Populace development: Jervis Bay is the district that is extremely mainstream in light of its normal and social qualities. It is traveler goal of Australia that is a lot of famous among the vacationer too. As a result of its social and normal worth, the spot has become an incredible spot to live at and this subsequent in the populace development of the spot. The area is presently having around 17 towns and towns. Effect: As the number of inhabitants in the spot is expanding in this way it is having extraordinary effect on the way of life of the individuals there and furthermore at the characteristic legacy of the spot. This is on the grounds that the, constrained assets that were utilized to be separated into a bunch of populace is presently partition into a lot of individuals living at Jervis Bay (Young, Bryant, Price, Dilek and Wheeler, 1997). Because of different human exercises the spot is encountering ecological issues which are running the common and social legacy of the spot. At the point when an ever increasing number of individuals enter the spot and settle down at that place, this makes pressure on the asset of that place that is constrained. This additionally prompts urbanization the spot and individuals attempts to get solace to their lives and subsequently run the regular magnificence of the spot at the purpose of their solace. Contamination is the resultant effect of the populace develo pment. The characteristic exercises limited by the people living at the spot and in this manner influence the general condition. The progressions that are talked about before, for example, environmental change likewise are the resultant of a portion of the human exercises at the spot. The significant piece of the development at Jervis Bay is a direct result of movement of retirees. Measures and methodologies for ecological administration: Environmental change technique: The environmental change procedure has been presented at the spot by the specialists of NSW so as to secure the earth of Jervis Bay. The administration plan has been executed in the time of 2015-16 with the goal that new changes made in the more seasoned arrangement of the board. This arrangement proposes that the environmental change sway on the spot is obviously seen consequently time so as to from the methodologies (Bryant, 2014). The administration needs were slanted towards the decrease of carbon discharge at the spot. A portion of the arrangement incorporates biological system the board, framework structure and upkeep, guest the board and so on. Seaside risk the executives technique: To the extent the risks at beach front territories are thought of, it has been dissected that numerous systems and the board plan have been presented here also. The administration program incorporates the acts of sea shore rejecting (Dela-Cruz, Middleton and Suthers, 2003). Each rejecting is the method that helps in ensuring the development of rises and disintegration of sand from the seaside territories that help to limit flooding at those zones. Populace development the executives: The settlement system has been actualized at Jervis Bay so as to deal with the development. It has the vision to oversee and keep up the marine, estuaries, and other common assets of Jervis Bay for being socially and monetarily practical. Private advancement in feasible manner is one of the significant techniques that can help the administration of the spot to keep up the development economical and to control the populace at the spot (Blackburn and Cresswell, 1993). Suggestions: It is required by the administration to comprehend the effect of these components and issues on the life of the individuals and species. Execution of adaption techniques is likewise required with the goal that the populace at the spot can adjust the changes (McMillan, Raff and Palumb

Natural Rights Theory Essays

Normal Rights Theory Essays Normal Rights Theory Essay Normal Rights Theory Essay Normal Rights Theory Name: Course: Establishment: Educator: Date: Normal Rights Theory Normal rights hypothesis is the conviction that an individual goes into this world with some essential rights that can't be denied by any administration, political force or even a constitution. Normal rights hypothesis keeps up that since people come into this world normally, they have fundamental rights that nobody can detract from them. The hypothesis recommends that people as regular animals should live and sort out themselves in the general public utilizing fundamental principles that are set somewhere around nature. As characteristic creatures, human have rights that not anybody can abuse, with the principle right being opportunity. Further, the hypothesis proposes that the rights are gotten from the idea of man as a sane being, the place the rights are vital for his endurance. As a rule, the hypothesis expresses that man has rights allowed or ensured upon their creation regardless of any administration control, and exists over all countries, or are all inclusive. These rights a re viewed as over any law made by the administration (Donald, n.d.) Regular rights are the opportunities that are set up by a worldwide understanding that forces direct on over all countries. The normal rights are exceptionally unmistakable from legitimate rights, which are the opportunities built up specifically states and applies to that specific state. They are rights that every single individual have and are not constrained by any fake lawful set-up, and apply to people, however different species. For example, ocean creatures live submerged by common right and not from legitimate enactment directing the equivalent. Along these lines, characteristic rights are those rights that can't be change by any counterfeit legitimate enactment. A few instances of characteristic rights are the rights to life, responsibility for and opportunity or freedom. Common rights keep individuals from specific practices, for example, torment and servitude, permitting them to shield their lives, freedom and property (Donald, n.d.). Common rights hypothesis intently identifies with characteristic law hypothesis. In the illumination age, the characteristic rights hypothesis served to challenge the privileges of rulers and pioneers, which made a legitimization of setting up a positive law, implicit understanding and an administration, which added up to the lawful rights. Therefore, legitimate rights are gotten from the normal rights, which likewise serve to challenge the lawful rights when they go over the edge. The lawful rights were set up with a point of ensuring the opportunity of individuals, their property, and rights to live their lives as every individual fit for thinking wished to live. The common rights hypothesis expresses that all men are equivalent, and have the opportunity to settle on their decisions. A portion of the scholars on the side of the hypothesis have expressed this is characterized by the ethical rights every individual has, which work out easily from their unrestrained choice and contemp lations, empowering them to settle on their own decisions (Donald, n.d.). The hypothesis further recommends that people are fit for acting sanely and reserve the option to settle on their decisions. this is to imply that anyone as long as they are grown-ups fit for settling on decisions reserve the privilege to do what satisfies them without anyone limiting them. What's more, this would imply that everyone has an option to the specific right, and no one would deny the person in question the opportunity to practice it. Likewise, the hypothesis recommends that individuals should act normally, where individuals infer their ethical quality. The hypothesis recommends that profound quality is cherished in the innate idea of man, where he goes about as nature in him directs, a similar way creatures will act as indicated by the nature driving them. Issues of Natural Rights Theory The common rights hypothesis like some other has a few issues with a large number of its rivals reprimanding it and don't view it as right. One of the issues with the characteristic rights law is various understandings of nature, which is diverse across numerous districts and among various people. Along these lines, the thought from common rights hypothesis expressing that regular rights are widespread would not be valid since individuals will have various translations of nature. Along these lines, characterizing what is ethically right would be troublesome, making the common tights hypothesis very tricky to comprehend. All the more in this way, individuals are exceptionally different, with capacity of each having their own normal characters. For example, a few people are commonly forceful and bold while others are normally hesitant. Since human instinct permits them to have both, it would be ethically directly for a forceful man to assault the bashful one since they will be followin g their characteristic regular character and thinking (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). What's more, deciding profound quality is hard because of such contrasts, where every individual will have their own thinking on what is ethically right or wrong. Characteristic rights hypothesis recommends that acting as per nature is ethically right, while conduct not as indicated ordinarily is ethically off-base. For example, when a man assaults a lady, there is nothing unnatural about it naturally. Along these lines, this would not be viewed as an unnatural conduct, qualifying it as an ethical right. This would be on the grounds that the characteristic rights hypothesis recommends that it is ethically directly for life forms to act in agreement to nature. Under such an idea, men considered forceful would reserve a privilege to follow their regular wants and proceed with assaulting ladies since it is normal for a man to want a lady. This brings up the issue of whether men should act in understanding to their characteristic senses or whether they should oppose a portion of their in alienable nature. Thinking about the above issues, the pundits of the common rights hypothesis contend that even youngsters are not guiltless, and acting from their intrinsic characteristic character, some will be forceful on others while others will get out of hand. Along these lines, the youngsters go to class so as to figure out how to tame a portion of their common practices, implying that regular doesn't generally characterize ethical quality since this would not be good. What's more, pundits of the regular hypothesis propose that as per the common right, individuals who submit a few demonstrations, for example, homosexuality, ambush, executing among others would not be acting unnaturally; in this manner, their practices would be viewed as ethically directly as indicated by the characteristic rights hypothesis (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Another issue is that the inborn idea of people that is worried about setting up laws isn't equivalent to the creatures, which causes another trouble with the hypothesis. Characteristic law implies following the inborn regular qualities where creatures go about as their intrinsic nature directs. For example, it is normal for a lion to murder a gazelle for food, and different creatures, or for a feline to pursue rodents and mice. Then again, man doesn't follow his intrinsic nature exactly. For example, it is realized that man is egotistical and consistently needs to have most extreme advantages from anything, without thinking about others. This isn't considered ethically directly as per the ethical lessons, which implies that ethical lessons don't instruct us to follow the normal qualities in us as directed ordinarily like creatures. Another issue of the common rights hypothesis is that greater part of the proposed rights don't have demonstrate, where it accepts that regular rights originates from God in the wake of making man. It is extremely unlikely to demonstrate that the characteristic rights are given by God. What's more, various individuals have various religions, implying that the recommended rights can't be all inclusive as the hypothesis propose. This makes one more issue for the hypothesis, causing a great deal of analysis from its adversaries (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Bentham Rejection of Natural Rights Bentham is one of the significant adversaries of the regular rights hypothesis, and rejects it totally, excusing it as drivel with the rights proposed not qualifying as rights. Bentham dismisses the normal rights hypothesis totally, and takes on the utilitarian good view that thinks about the activity with the best outcomes for everyone. He recommends that human instinct similarly as though science can pick the activities with the best worth and advantage for individuals required, with the primary intention being joy and agony. He proposes that nature puts man under two angles, torment and joy, where joy is the most wanted individuals. Along these lines, it is dependent upon the individuals to figure out what can anyone do request to understand the best outcome (Robnights, 2012). He assaults normal rights and proposes that rights are just made by the law. He further proposed that laws are only an order of the tow sovereigns, joy and torment. A legislature must be available so as to h ave laws and rights inside a network or state. Rights in his view are recommended to be in connection to the obligations that are dictated by the law. The thought of having rights that depend on common rights or those previous a set up government are viewed as off-base and dismissed (iep.utm.edu, 2008). He assaults the normal law on his comprehension of legitimate rights, and nature of the law. As indicated by iep.utm.edu (2008), â€Å"the term normal right is a corruption of language. It is questionable, wistful, and allegorical and had rebel results. Bentham recommended that regular right gets questionable because it makes a proposal of general rights with no details to any object, and anybody could guarantee what has just been picked by another. Thusly, practicing such a generally acknowledged right would mean killing the correct itself, since what turns into an option to each man is anything but an option to any man whatsoever. All the more in this way, he proposed that under such a situation of comprehensively and vaguely suggested rights, there couldn't be a legitimate framework. His other assault on the regular rights hypothesis is that normal rights is allegorical, he recommends th

A Mischievous Anniversary Tonight

A Mischievous Anniversary Tonight Watch 93 at 11:30 was the message. 93 was the new dormitory on campusthe Class of 1893 Dormitorywhich had opened the previous fall. It was a five-story, 100-foot-wide dorm with two stairwells, situated on Ames Street directly across from the Central Scientific Instruments Company and diagonally across from the old dormitories, the Faculty Houses. The dorms name of 93 would last for about half a decade more, in which time two identical extensions would be built onto its north and south walls, and a matching parallel would be built just to the west. In February of 1931, the buildings would be christened together, and the 93 Dormitory would henceforth be known as Bemis House of the East Campus Alumni Houses. But that was all in the relatively distant future: our story instead concerns Monday, June 1, 1925. It had been an unruly weekend, certainly: Excitement started early Sunday morning, when a group of men from the old dormitory unit inopportunely aroused the 93 men from their slumbers with the gentle strains of Sweet Adeline and Rosie OGrady. Students in the new dorms retaliated with streams of four well-directed fire hoses, whereupon the serenaders deemed it more advisable to move to drier quarters. Not content with having sprinkled the visitors, the residents of the 93 dormitories began to play the fire hoses up and down the corridors of the building, with the result that many of the rooms were flooded with several inches of water. The first and second floors suffered most from the drenching. DormCon (then the Dormitory Committee) was charged with the job of finding the neer-do-wells. The next day, however, more trouble seemed to be brewing. Notices had been spread about, telling the inhabitants to watch 93 at 11:30. That evening: At half past eleven several autos drove up to the new dormitories and ten or a dozen men piled out, carrying something heavy. Scarcely had they gotten in the door when a loud explosion took place, all lights in the corridors and stairways flickered and went out, and all eyes were strained to see what was about to happen. In a few moments the onlookers were rewards. A big electric sign bearing the words Suffolk County Jail flamed out in the darkness. After a short exhibition, the sign was spirited away, and according to latest reports. had not been located. The staff at The Tech were certainly excited about the hack: What nextthe Station 16 sign? There seems to be no limit to their aspirations. [The editors] would not be surprised to find the gilt from the State House Dome transferred some night to the big dome of Building 10. They might even move the Public gardens into the Great Court! It was certainly something new. Generally, when we think of hacking, we consider two flavors. The more common form is exploratory hacking, which is also the older one: theres never been a point at which people were unwilling to climb onto the rooftops. On October 6, 1916, MIT took the All Technology photo: it was a giant panorama photo of everyone at the Institvte in front of Killian. I dont have a great copy of the photo, but heres what did come out: (Click to see the full-size photo.) That photo is incredible for a lot of reasons, but my favorite reason are the students who are, um: And this was right after the Cambridge campus opened! However, the significantly more famous version of hacking is performance hacking, where objects find themselves in places where they dont normally go. Youve probably heard of the really famous hacks, such as when a Campus Police car appear on the Great Dome in 1994, or when the Howe Ser moving company relocated the Fleming cannon from Caltech to Cambridge in 2006. (If you like looking through old hacks, take a look at the IHTFP Hack Gallery, where theyre documented, or pick up a copy of Nightwork.) Performance hacking didnt pick up right as the Institute moved to Cambridge; instead, it started up in the 1920s, as cars ended up in basements and cows ended up on roofs. The earliest example known of such a hack? 11:30pm on June 1, 1925. Happy 90th anniversary everyone. Sources: The Tech (June 3, 1925), the MIT Museum Archives Post Tagged #East Campus

Introduction To Fraternity Bylaws And Standing Rules

Association Delegates The alumnae association President must submit the Delegate Submission Form by April 15. Proposed Bylaws The 2018 General Convention is right around the corner. The proposed amendments to the Fraternity Bylaws and Standing Rules, which will be considered at Convention, will be available in March 2018. If you are attending Convention, there is an educational session scheduled regarding the Fraternity Bylaws and Standing Rules. This will be an opportunity for you to ask your final questions about the proposed amendments. Adviser Representatives Each chapter is entitled to send one Advisory Board representative whose hotel, meal, and transportation expenses are paid by the Fraternity. An alumna can serve in only one†¦show more content†¦CHAPTER/ADVISORY BOARD RELATIONS AWARD Awarded to the chapter and Advisory Board that work together harmoniously in programming, mutual two-way communication, and with respect to achieve chapter goals. EXCELLENCE IN CHAPTER MANAGEMENT AWARD Awarded to chapters with the most efficient and effective chapter management, capable officers, continuou s chapter education, excellence in performance, and use of resources, current chapter documents, good relations with Advisory Board and House Board. This award has three categories based on chapter size. FINANCE AWARD Awarded to the chapter with the best financial management, including the education of members, maintenance of financial standards, and timely submission of reports and fees. This award is presented to both a housed and an unhoused chapter. GRACIOUS LIVING AWARD Two awards, presented to a housed chapter and an unhoused chapter that exemplify chapter graciousness, practice hospitality to one another and visitors to the chapter facility and on campus, and whose members have best acquired the art of living and working together harmoniously. GREATEST IMPROVEMENT AWARD Awarded to the chapter with the greatest all-around improvement in all areas of programming during the biennium. HERITAGE AWARD Awarded to the chapter that shows the greatest interest in searching forSho w MoreRelatedGoal Plan Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesofficers are aware of and feel supported by Fraternity volunteers — locally and regionally — so that officers understand their roles in the â€Å"bigger picture of Kappa.† †¢ Chapter Council officers are continually encouraged and better supported to fulfill their roles and responsibilities to the highest standard so that errors, risks, and delays in chapter operations are reduced. Fraternity volunteers are more aware and connected to chapter operations so that Fraternity volunteers can better inform, influenceRead MoreCommunity Leadership Plan1751 Words   |  8 PagesSpecialists. Outcome †¢ Chapter Council officers are aware of and feel supported by Fraternity volunteers — locally and regionally — so that officers understand their roles in the â€Å"bigger picture of Kappa.† †¢ Chapter Council officers are continually encouraged and better supported to fulfill their rol es and responsibilities to the highest standard so that errors, risks, and delays in chapter operations are reduced. †¢ Fraternity volunteers are more aware and connected to chapter operations so that they canRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesSchool. 1. Sullivan, Lauren. II. Harbus. III. Title: Sixty...five successful Harvard Business School application essays. HF1131.A1352009 808.06665-dc22 2009012531 First Edition: August 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction ix xi I. Defining Moment Stacie Hogya Anonymous Anonymous David La Fiura Anonymous Avin Bansal Anonymous Brad Finkbeiner Anonymous 4 7 10 13 17 20 23 26 29 ii. UndergradUate experience John Coleman Maxwell Anderson Lavanya AnantharmanRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesLABOR–MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTS Understanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining 340 Endnotes 367 Glossary 389 Company Index 395 Subject Index 398 v Contents PART 1 UNDERSTANDING HRM Chapter 1 The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Learning Outcomes 2 Introduction 4 5 Understanding Cultural Environments 4 The Changing World of Technology What Is a Knowledge Worker? 6 How Technology Affects HRM Practices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating

A Brief Biography of Alexander Ovechkin - 864 Words

Born September 17th, 1985, to Mikhail Ovechkin, a former soccer player, and Tatyana Ovechkina, an two-time Olympic gold medalist with the Russian’s women’s basketball team, Alexander Ovechkin seemed destined to become an amazing athlete. One of the most debated, yet amusing hockey players currently playing in the National Hockey League, Ovechkin’s incredible talent, speed, physical authority, and youthful enthusiasm is something that hockey fans can’t seem to get enough of. Like most hockey players, Ovechkin found his passion for the game very young. He picked up his first hockey stick at two years old, and soon obsessively getting his hands on anything that pertained to hockey, while also watching hundreds of games on T.V. By eight years old, Ovechkin’s older brother Sergei saw a talent in himself that everyone else had yet to see, so he introduced him to organized hockey and enrolled him in hockey school. He then took on the responsibility of gett ing Alex whatever he needed for hockey as his parents needed assistance. Tragically, Sergei never got to see Alex play in a professional game in how he was killed in a car accident in his early 20’s. Alex to this day still credits all of his success in hockey to his older brother, and whenever he scores he will often kiss his glove and point to his sky to acknowledge him. Different from the U.S., Russia has youth programs that are interconnected with the professional game. This helps by getting young players that show potential

Youth Suicide Free Essays

string(26) " objectives of the study\." ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Adolescence journal homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/jado Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building Gloria W. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Suicide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Y. Wan a, Patrick W. L. Leung b, * a b Clinical Psychology Service, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council, 5/F, Holy Trinity Bradury Center, 139 Ma Tau Chung Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 3/F, Sino Building, Clinical and Health Psychology Centre, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China b s t r a c t Keywords: Suicide ideation/attempt Family Psychopathology Life events/stressors Chinese youths This study aimed at proposing and testing a conceptual model of youth suicide attempt. We proposed a model that began with family factors such as a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation. Family relationship, presence of psychopathology, life stressors, and suicide ideation were postulated as mediators, leading to youth suicide attempt. The stepwise entry of the risk factors to a logistic regression model de? ned their proximity as related to suicide attempt. Path analysis further re? ned our proposed model of youth suicide attempt. Our originally proposed model was largely con? rmed. The main revision was dropping parental divorce/separation as a risk factor in the model due to lack of signi? cant contribution when examined alongside with other risk factors. This model was cross-validated by gender. This study moved research on youth suicide from identi? cation of individual risk factors to model building, integrating separate ? ndings of the past studies. O 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Youth suicide, being one of the three leading causes of death in young people, has been a focus of research. Various individual risk factors have been identi? ed (Gould, Greenberg, Velting, Shaffer, 2003). Despite this success, not until recently are there attempts to develop complex theory-based models that draw together all those identi? ed risk factors and depict their interplay (Bridge, Goldstein, Brent, 2006; Mann, Waternaux, Haas, Malone, 1999). Correspondingly, empirical studies in this area are few (e. g. Foley, Goldston, Costello, Angold, 2006; Fortune, Stewart, Yadav, Hawton, 2007; Prinstein et al. , 2008; Reinherz, Tanner, Berger, Beardslee, Fitzmaurice, 2006). Hence, we propose here a model of youth suicide attempt and test it in a sample of Chinese high school students. We aim at articulating and testing hypothetical pathways between family factors, psychopathology, life stressors, and suicidal behavior. Our model begins with consideration of family risk factors, including a history of physical abuse within the family, poor family relationship, and parental divorce/separation (Johnson et al. 2002; Gould, Fisher, Parides, Flory, Shaffer, 1996; Gould, Shaffer, Prudence, Robin, 1998; Liu, Sun, Yang, 2008; Salzinger, Rosario, Feldman, Ng-Mak, 2007). However, the latter’s association with youth suicidal behavior is no longer signi? cant or attenuated after controlled for parent-child or family relationship (Groholt, Ekeberg, Wichstrom, Haldorsen, 2000). Family adversities are also known precursors of youth psychopathology (Fergusson, Woodward, Horwood, 2000). The latter in turn is found to be a risk factor of suicidal behavior * Corresponding author. Tel. : ? 852 2609 6502; fax: ? 852 2603 5019. E-mail address: pleung@cuhk. edu. hk (P. W. L. Leung). 0140-1971/$ – see front matter O 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 (Brent, Baugher, Bridge, Chen, Chiappetta, 1999; Osvath, Voros, Fekete, 2004). A wide range of psychopathology has been implicated, including internalizing/externalizing disorders, and substance use disorders (Brent et al. , 2004; Foley et al. , 2006; Gould et al. , 2003; Lee et al. , 2009; Shaffer et al. , 1996; Stewart et al. , 2006). Furthermore, the risk of suicidal behavior increases with the number of comorbid disorders and with the combination of mood, disruptive and substance abuse disorders (Brent et al. , 1999; Shaffer et al. , 1996). Suicide ideation is among the best predictors of suicide attempt (Prinstein et al. , 2008; Wong et al. , 2008). Studies also suggest that the occurrence of life stressors may prompt suicide ideators into acting on their ideation, ending up in attempted suicide (Borges et al. , 2008; Liu Tein, 2005). Based upon the above review, our model on youth suicide attempt starts with family risk factors such as a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation. We postulate that poor family relationship, psychopathology, life stressors, and suicide ideation act as mediators, leading to suicide attempt. Speci? cally, we hypothesize that a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation are associated with poor family relationship. The latter is in turn related to the occurrence of psychopathology in youths. Comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders then play a crucial role as risk factors to recent life stressors and suicide ideation. Finally, the latter two are risk factors directly linked to suicide attempt. Method Participants and procedure A total of 2754 grade 7–11 Chinese high school students were recruited to participate voluntarily in the study. They were randomly sampled from 15 mainstream high schools of diversi? ed academic rankings from different regions of Hong Kong. The participating schools represented a convenience sample, since they were schools served by the School Counselling Service of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council, at which the ? rst author of this study worked. However, the participating schools covered a full range of academic rankings and a wide geographic spread across Hong Kong, and no speci? c bias in their sampling was noted. Thus, they were considered to be representative of local mainstream schools. Special schools of various kinds were excluded. Ethics approval was ? rst obtained from the relevant institutional authority. School visits were then made to explain the objectives of the study. You read "Youth Suicide" in category "Papers" A total of 15 schools were contacted and all of them (100%) agreed to participate in the study. Informed written consents were obtained from parents of the randomly sampled students. The response rate was 94. 4%. The participants completed the self-report questionnaires during school hours. The returned questionnaires were screened for severe psychopathology and suicidal behavior. For ethical reasons, the corresponding school counselors would be alerted for such cases in order to take appropriate actions. Measures Psychopathology The 1991 version of Youth Self-Report (YSR) was re-validated with satisfactory test–retest reliability and criterion validity for use with Hong Kong Chinese youths (Leung et al. , 2006). It evaluated the occurrence of psychopathology in the past 6 months. Since two items in YSR referred to suicidal/self harm behavior and they thus contaminated the relationship under investigation between psychopathology and suicidal behavior, the two items were removed in this study from the construct of internalizing problems as assessed by YSR. Youth suicide ideation/attempt Self-report measures of suicide ideation/attempt had been found to be reliable primary data sources (Joiner, Rudd, Rajab, 1999; Miranda et al. , 2008). Two measures were used to assess suicide ideation/attempt in this study. First, YSR had two items that referred to suicide ideation and attempt, respectively. However, a single-item measure for a variable was considered undesirable. Hence, two short self-report questionnaires for suicide ideation and attempt were extracted respectively from an existing, longer questionnaire used in a previous local study which asked the occurrences and details of suicide ideation, communication, plan, and attempt (Ho, Leung, Hung, Lee, Tang, 2000). This questionnaire was found useful in assessing the suicidal behavior of peers of suicide completers and attempters. Depending on whether a youth had consistently indicated suicide ideation and/or attempt both in the adapted questionnaires and with the corresponding item in YSR, he/she would be considered ategorically in this study as a suicide ideator and/or attempter, or not. Recent life stressors The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS; Holmes Rahe, 1967) asked 30 stressful life events which might happen to the young people and their families in the preceding 12 months. In this study, items in the SRRS related to parental con? ict and divorce/separation were excluded, since t hese family events were separately examined elsewhere as family risk factors in our model. Items irrelevant to local young adolescents were also excluded (e. g. accepted at a college of your choice). Family relationship In this study, the Family Relationship Index (FRI), a composite of three subscales (i. e. , cohesion, expressiveness, and con? ict) of the Family Environment Scale (FES; Moos Moos, 1986), was used as a measure of family relationship. The FRI had Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 3 been found to correlate well with other measures of family dysfunction (Hoge, Andrews, Faulkner, Robinson, 1989) and was widely used in research with Chinese youths (Locke Prinz, 2002). Parents’ marital status The current marital status of the participants’ parents was enquired with reference to divorce/separation. History of physical abuse Participants were asked to report if they had experienced any physical abuse in the family since childhood. Three items were adapted from Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein et al. 1994) and two additional ones that were relevant to the local Chinese context were speci? cally written for this study, e. g. , ‘‘People in my family had applied corporal punishment to me’’ and ‘‘After I was being physically punished, I had to go to see a doctor or could not go to school’’. Data analysis First, a series of logistic regre ssion analysis would be conducted to explore the signi? cance of each individual risk factor separately in predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Except for parental divorce/separation, other risk factors were measured in this study in dimensional scales. They were turned into ategorical data in this logistic regression analysis using distributional cutoffs to de? ne relative deviance (see Table 1 for the exact de? nitions of cutoffs). Second, we tested our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, using hierarchical regression ? rst. The series of predictors would be entered in steps according to their positions in relation to suicide attempt in our proposed model. The risk factors of a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation would ? rst be forced into the regression equation, after controlling for effects of the background variables (including age, gender, and family income). Family relationship would then be entered into the equation in the second step. The third batch of predictors would be internalizing and externalizing problems. They were followed in turn by suicide ideation and life stressors. We hypothesized a partial or complete mediational model in which the effects of factors entered ? rst would be attenuated or superseded by those of the subsequent factors in predicting youth suicide attempt. Lastly, path analysis would be conducted to directly test our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, using Lisrel 8. 71. Path analysis has its strengths in examining the chains of in? uences between independent variables, and in postulating the possible cause-and-effect relations among variables for further investigation. An ordinary sample covariance matrix for path analysis would not be appropriate to deal with the dichotomous data of suicidal behavior and parental divorce/separation, as well as the kurtosis and skewness within the other dimensional data. Instead, an asymptotic covariance matrix should be used, analysis of which would require the use of an estimator that allowed for non-normality. The weighted least squares (WLS) method, instead of the maximum likelihood estimator, had provision for such non-normality and was thus the appropriate estimator to be used in this study. Results The mean age of the 2754 participants was 13. 9 years (SD ? 1. 3, range ? 11–18). Among the participants, 55. 7% was male. There were missing data on suicidal behavior from 39 participants. Among the remaining 2715 participants, 252 participants (9. 2%) reported suicide ideation in the past 6 months. Among the 91 (3. 3%) reporting suicide attempt in the same period, only six (6. %) did not report suicide ideation. By gender, among the 1219 female participants, 167 (13. 7%) reported suicide ideation, while only two (3. 0%) of 66 (5. 4%) female suicide attempters did not report suicide ideation. The corresponding ? gures for male participants (1535) were 85 (5. 5%), four (16. 0%), and 25 (1. 6%). Table 1 Percentages of suicide ideators, attempters, and non-suicidal controls, association with various risk factors, and odds ratios (ORs) for predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Variables Cronbach’s Alpha Ideators (n ? 52) n Parents divorced/separated History of physical abusea Poor family relationshipb Internalizing problemsc Externalizing problemsc Frequent recent life stressorsd – 0. 83 0. 83 0. 89 0. 88 – 41 73 142 76 99 102 % 16. 3 29. 0 56. 3 30. 2 39. 3 40. 5 Attempters (n ? 91) n 19 29 51 32 45 44 % 20. 9 31. 9 56. 0 35. 2 49. 5 48. 4 Non-suicidal controls (n ? 2457) n 239 169 602 103 153 364 % 9. 7 6. 9 24. 5 4. 2 6. 2 14. 8 Ideators vs controls OR 1. 8** 5. 8*** 3. 8*** 13. 9*** 9. 8*** 3. 6*** (95% CI) (1. 2–2. 6) (4. 2–8. 1) (2. 9–5. 1) (9. 6–20. 1) (7. 1–13. 4) (2. 7–4. 8) Attempters vs controls OR 2. 3** 5. *** 3. 7*** 10. 7*** 11. 1*** 5. 2*** (95% CI) (1. 3–4. 0) (3. 3–8. 6) (2. 4–5. 7) (6. 6–17. 5) (7. 1–17. 5) (3. 4–8. 1) **p 0. 01; ***p 0. 001. a Cutoff at total score ? 6 (80th percentile). b Cutoff at total score ? 15 (80th percentile). c Cutoff at T-score ? 64 (at clinical range, 92nd percentile). d Cutoff at number of recent life stressors ? 4 (80th percentile). Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 07 ARTICLE IN PRESS 4 G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 Table 1 presents the internal consistency coef? cients of the measures employed in this study. They were consistently satisfactory, ranging from 0. 83 to 0. 89. Table 1 also lists the results of separate logistic regression analysis of each risk factor, including the percentages of suicide ideators, attempters, and non-suicidal participants (i. e. , those reporting neither suicide ideation nor attempt) having various risks, as well as the odd s ratios (ORs) of these risk factors in predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Despite multiple testing of the group differences, such testing was all theory-driven (see the literature review above) and was not random so that statistical control of the effects of multiple testing was not required. All three family risk factors (i. e. , parental divorce/separation, history of physical abuse, and poor family relationship) were more prevalent among suicide ideators and attempters, and had signi? cant ORs. Among these risk factors, a history of physical abuse was the best predictor of suicide ideation (OR ? 5. 8, 95% CI ? 4. 2–8. 1) and attempt (OR ? 5. 3, 95% CI ? 3. 3–8. 6). Nearly one third of ideators (29. 0%) and attempters (31. 9%), in contrast to 6. 9% of non-suicidal participants, had a history of being physically abused. With respect to the other two family risk factors, 16. 3% of ideators (OR ? 1. 8, 95% CI ? 1. 2–2. 6) and 20. 9% of attemptors (OR ? 2. 3, 95% CI ? 1. 3–4. 0), compared to 9. 7% of non-suicidal participants, reported parental divorce/separation, while 56. 3% of ideators (OR ? 3. 8, 95% CI ? 2. 9–5. 1) and 56. 0% of attemptors (OR ? 3. 7, 95% CI ? 2. 4–5. 7), compared to 24. 5% of nonsuicidal participants, reported poor family relationship. Compared to family factors, internalizing and externalizing problems were even more associated with higher risks of suicidal behaviors. The ORs of internalizing problems for suicide ideation and attempt were respectively 13. 9 (95% CI ? 9. 6– 20. 1) and 10. 7 (95% CI ? 6. 6–17. 5), while the ORs of externalizing problems were 9. 8 (95% CI ? 7. 1–13. 4) and 11. 1 (95% CI ? 7. 1–17. 5). Nearly one third of ideators (30. 2%) and attempters (35. 2%), in contrast to 4. 2% of non-suicidal participants, had internalizing problems. The corresponding ? gures for externalizing problems were 39. 3% and 49. 5% vs 6. %. Life stressors in the past year also elevated the risk of suicide ideation (OR ? 3. 6, 95% CI ? 2. 7–4. 8) and attempt (OR ? 5. 2, 95% CI ? 3. 4–8. 1). About 40. 5% of suicide ideators and 48. 4% of attempters were reporting more frequent life stressors, compared to 14. 8% of non-suicidal participants. Table 2 shows the results of logistic regression analysis with forced entry of subsets of risk factors in steps, after controlling for background variables (i. e. , age, gender, and family income). With each successive entry of each subset of risk factors, the majority of the previous ones became insigni? ant so that in the ? nal regression model, only recent life stressors (OR ? 1. 01, p 0. 01) and suicide ideation (OR ? 95. 7, p 0. 001) signi? cantly accounted for youth suicide attempt. In other words, despite their initial statistical signi? cance when ? rst entered into the regression model, those risk factors such as a history of physical abuse, poor family relationship, and internalizing and externalizing disorders no longer signi? cantly accounted for youth suicide attempt, after life stressors and suicide ideation were later entered into the model. This pattern of results indicated a mediational model largely compatible to our proposed model of youth suicide attempt. It should be noted that parental divorce/separation as a predictor was not signi? cant even when ? rst entered into the regression analysis alongside with a history of physical abuse. This risk factor was thus dropped in the later path analysis. Our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, in a form of a mediational model, was directly tested by path analysis. It achieved a very good ? t: c2 (6, N ? 2754) ? 39. 5, p 0. 0001; GFI ? 0. 99; AGFI ? 0. 97; RMSEA ? 0. 045; NFI ? 0. 96; CFI ? . 97; RMR ? 0. 57 (Fig. 1). Weighted least squares standardized estimators of the model and their signi? cance according to the two-tailed z value are presented in Fig. 1. All paths shown were signi? cant at p 0. 01. As shown in Fig. 1, a history of physical abuse, as a family risk factor, was linked directly to suicide ideation, as well as to the ? rst tier of mediators in the mod el, namely, poor family relationship, and externalizing and internalizing problems. They were in turn linked to suicide ideation. The externalizing and internalizing problems were additionally linked to recent life stressors. Finally, suicidal ideation and life stressors were both associated with suicide attempt, with life stressors also linking to the suicide ideation as well. This mediational model with several tiers of mediators explained 48% and 87% of the variances in youth suicide ideation and attempt, respectively. Table 2 Logistic regression of risk factors in predicting youth suicide attempt, controlled for demographic variables. Blocks entered to the modela Deviance between blocks (c2)b 18. 37*** 1. 02*** n. s. 55. 59*** 72. 71*** 1. 02** n. s. 1. 17*** 1. 01* n. s. 1. 07** 1. 07*** 1. 09*** 168. 80*** 10. 5*** 1. 02* n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. 95. 67*** 1. 01** ORs 1 2 3 4 5 1. Family factors History of physical abuse Parental divorce/separation 2. Poor family relationship 3. Psychopathology Internalizing problems Externalizing problems 4. Suicide ideation 5. Life stressors n. s. n. s. 103. 72*** n. s. : non-signi? cant. *p 0. 05; **p 0. 01; ***p 0. 001. a The sequence of blocks ent ered into the logistic regression model; all factors entered were continuous variables except parental divorce/separation and suicide ideation. b Chi-square deviance of each block entered. Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 5 0. 85*** 0. 52*** 0. 13*** 1. 00*** History of physical abuse 0. 39*** Poor family relationship 0. 19*** 0. 13*** Suicide ideation 0. 20*** 0. 15*** 0. 88*** Suicide attempt 0. 21*** 0. 17*** 0. 44*** 0. 79*** 0. 13*** 0. 33*** Externalizing problems 0. 42*** 0. 29*** Recent stressors 0. 82*** *p How to cite Youth Suicide, Papers

Evaluation Information Systems Investments - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Evaluation Information Systems Investments? Answer: Introducation Managerial role is about the behavior of the manager which consists of three categories: informational, interpersonal and decisional roles. In context to this, the informational role is about managing information, interpersonal includes managing through people, and decisional role is about management with the help of actions. There are various roles played by the manager within an organization such as Monitor, Leader, Disseminator, spokesperson and much more which leads the company to accomplish its objectives in an efficient manner (Willcocks, 2013). The current file is based on the personal experience regarding the managerial role. For this, Darrell Lea a famous Australian Chocolate producing and selling firm is taken into consideration. Concerning this, the report consists of requirements of the job, relations of other individuals with the manager, significant interaction with the both formal and informal factors for accomplishing the organizational objectives. Description about the actual requirements of the job Darrell Lea is one of the famous chocolate-making and selling company of the Australia. The company is popular among the people for its variety of range like Choc-Lea-Bloc, Little Brittle, STIX, Batch 37, Bigger Better bbs and much more. I am working as Manager in this repudiated firm. Actual requirements for the job of manager asked by the cited company are as follows: Education or Qualification: The required qualification for the role of the manager of Darrell Lea considers Bachelors degree and a diploma in the field of management or business. Along with this, it is also vital to have 2years of experience in the critical position. Skills and Talent: Darrell Lea asks for management skills along with knowledge about its various areas like process improvement, performance management, strategic planning, quality management and development of standards. Other necessary skills needed are staffing, coordination, time management, team management, problem-solving and technical skills (Project Systems Management. 2017). Job Duties: In the organization list of duties which are done by the manager includes the contribution in recruitment and selection process, training, and development, job analysis, reward management, performance appraisal, etc. Along with this, it is the responsibility of the manager to develop a strategic plan by studying the overall working for accomplishing the objectives. The manager also does the creation of policies and procedures for establishing the friendly and work-oriented environment. Also, I also contribute to the establishment of procurement, production, and marketing of the chocolates among the customers. Identification of other individuals from inside and outside the organization Interaction with the people plays an essential role in overall development and accomplishment of the assigned tasks. Along with this, proper communication also develops productive relations with the employees of the company. In context to this, I interact with the various numbers of individuals inside and outside the Darrell Lea. These persons aware me about the different aspects of company processes, my work, my roles and responsibilities, my skills and knowledge and many other things. As Manager I interact with the following individuals who are essential to my job: Team Members Supervisor Customers Candidates for recruitment (Bryde, Broquetas Volm, 2013) Colleagues Principle characteristics of the individuals The above question represents the type of individuals I interact with for my company work. Each person has his or her importance and attributes in my job which are described below: Team Members: My team includes both male and female workers between the ages of 25 to 35 years. These members are skilled, talented and experts in their essential areas like production management, strategic management, decision making, technical skills, etc. The type of interaction with my team is formal whereas it becomes informal sometimes for reducing the stress and burden of work (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). Supervisor: The senior employee of top-level management with experience of more than ten years in the field of management is my supervisor. My communication with him is formal and concerning my work and responsibilities. Customers: Company focus on the children having the age between 5 to 20 years. I also interact with the parents of the kids for knowing their satisfaction level regarding the quality and taste of the chocolates Darrell Lae offers to them. Outside Candidates for recruitment: I interact with the external individuals up to age 30 for fulfilling the vacant place of job. These individuals should have required knowledge, skills and capabilities. The communication between us is formal in interview sessions. Colleagues: These individuals are both male and female belong with the different departments of the company like production, financial, human resource, etc. There is both formal and informal type of communication with my colleagues (Stark, 2015). Nature of the interdependency that exit Relation of manager with the different type of individuals along with the interdependency between them is as follows: Team Members: My team includes group employees who help in completing the work regarding the making of chocolates effectively and efficiently. I interact with my team by conducting formal and informal meetings. In this, formal sessions consist of problem-solving, decision making, information sharing and conflict handling processes. On the other hand, informal meetings are formed for increasing communication, relationship, trust, and cooperation among the team members. These help me in following my roles and responsibilities correctly for achieving the objectives of Darrell Lae. Complex tasks, intricate strategies, etc. also boost up my skills and talent (Mir Pinnington, 2014). Supervisor: It is my responsibility to provide a proper record of project progress or work to the supervisor. The senior employee who is my supervisor gives me feedbacks with respect to my work. In this, positive reviews motivate me to keep my job continue whereas negative reviews drive me to develop my skills, capabilities and improve my performance. Proper guidance and monitoring of supervisor results to better handling and managing of my work and duties. Customers: These are the most critical assets of the Darrell Lea who leads to accomplishing its goals accurately. I interact with for understanding their needs, want and desire for making chocolates accordingly. I also communicate with the customers like parents of kids for handling their queries and knowing their reviews regarding the chocolates of the company. This information helps in selection of proper and effective strategies and approaches for the production of the chocolates of the right type (Kerzner, 2013). Candidates for recruitment: Manager took part in recruitment and selection process for hiring of right and desirable candidate as per the requirement of the job. I interact with the individuals at the time of interviews for knowing their talent, knowledge, and skills regarding the particular position. Matching of candidates skills and capabilities with the job requirements result in their selection in the Darrell Lea. Colleagues: I communicate formally with the managers of different departments for knowing the companys current position. Informal interaction with colleagues in leisure time also helps in reducing my stress regarding the work or job. My colleagues are both male and female with having good experience in their respected areas (Schwalbe, 2015). Diagrammatic representation of the above interdependencies Diagrammatic representation helps in better understanding of the roles and responsibilities along with the tasks. All the individuals described above, i.e., team members, colleagues, candidates for recruitment, customers and supervisors along with the manager are as follows Conclusion The above study concluded that the managerial role is full of challenges and complexities. It is imperative for a manager to have proper interaction with the individuals for fulfilling their responsibilities and accomplishing their goals. The diagram represents the interdependency of the manager on the different individuals and vice versa. References Bryde, D., Broquetas, M., Volm, J. M. (2013). The project benefits of building information modelling (BIM).International journal of project management,31(7), 971-980. Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Willcocks, L. (2013).Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer Project Systems Management. 2017. [PDF]. Available Through: https://www.mustanghdp.com/documents/PROJECTSYSMGMT.pdf. [Accessed on 8th October 2017