Introduction To Fraternity Bylaws And Standing Rules

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A Brief Biography of Alexander Ovechkin - 864 Words

Born September 17th, 1985, to Mikhail Ovechkin, a former soccer player, and Tatyana Ovechkina, an two-time Olympic gold medalist with the Russian’s women’s basketball team, Alexander Ovechkin seemed destined to become an amazing athlete. One of the most debated, yet amusing hockey players currently playing in the National Hockey League, Ovechkin’s incredible talent, speed, physical authority, and youthful enthusiasm is something that hockey fans can’t seem to get enough of. Like most hockey players, Ovechkin found his passion for the game very young. He picked up his first hockey stick at two years old, and soon obsessively getting his hands on anything that pertained to hockey, while also watching hundreds of games on T.V. By eight years old, Ovechkin’s older brother Sergei saw a talent in himself that everyone else had yet to see, so he introduced him to organized hockey and enrolled him in hockey school. He then took on the responsibility of gett ing Alex whatever he needed for hockey as his parents needed assistance. Tragically, Sergei never got to see Alex play in a professional game in how he was killed in a car accident in his early 20’s. Alex to this day still credits all of his success in hockey to his older brother, and whenever he scores he will often kiss his glove and point to his sky to acknowledge him. Different from the U.S., Russia has youth programs that are interconnected with the professional game. This helps by getting young players that show potential

Youth Suicide Free Essays

string(26) " objectives of the study\." ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Adolescence journal homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/jado Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building Gloria W. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Suicide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Y. Wan a, Patrick W. L. Leung b, * a b Clinical Psychology Service, Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council, 5/F, Holy Trinity Bradury Center, 139 Ma Tau Chung Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 3/F, Sino Building, Clinical and Health Psychology Centre, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China b s t r a c t Keywords: Suicide ideation/attempt Family Psychopathology Life events/stressors Chinese youths This study aimed at proposing and testing a conceptual model of youth suicide attempt. We proposed a model that began with family factors such as a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation. Family relationship, presence of psychopathology, life stressors, and suicide ideation were postulated as mediators, leading to youth suicide attempt. The stepwise entry of the risk factors to a logistic regression model de? ned their proximity as related to suicide attempt. Path analysis further re? ned our proposed model of youth suicide attempt. Our originally proposed model was largely con? rmed. The main revision was dropping parental divorce/separation as a risk factor in the model due to lack of signi? cant contribution when examined alongside with other risk factors. This model was cross-validated by gender. This study moved research on youth suicide from identi? cation of individual risk factors to model building, integrating separate ? ndings of the past studies. O 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Youth suicide, being one of the three leading causes of death in young people, has been a focus of research. Various individual risk factors have been identi? ed (Gould, Greenberg, Velting, Shaffer, 2003). Despite this success, not until recently are there attempts to develop complex theory-based models that draw together all those identi? ed risk factors and depict their interplay (Bridge, Goldstein, Brent, 2006; Mann, Waternaux, Haas, Malone, 1999). Correspondingly, empirical studies in this area are few (e. g. Foley, Goldston, Costello, Angold, 2006; Fortune, Stewart, Yadav, Hawton, 2007; Prinstein et al. , 2008; Reinherz, Tanner, Berger, Beardslee, Fitzmaurice, 2006). Hence, we propose here a model of youth suicide attempt and test it in a sample of Chinese high school students. We aim at articulating and testing hypothetical pathways between family factors, psychopathology, life stressors, and suicidal behavior. Our model begins with consideration of family risk factors, including a history of physical abuse within the family, poor family relationship, and parental divorce/separation (Johnson et al. 2002; Gould, Fisher, Parides, Flory, Shaffer, 1996; Gould, Shaffer, Prudence, Robin, 1998; Liu, Sun, Yang, 2008; Salzinger, Rosario, Feldman, Ng-Mak, 2007). However, the latter’s association with youth suicidal behavior is no longer signi? cant or attenuated after controlled for parent-child or family relationship (Groholt, Ekeberg, Wichstrom, Haldorsen, 2000). Family adversities are also known precursors of youth psychopathology (Fergusson, Woodward, Horwood, 2000). The latter in turn is found to be a risk factor of suicidal behavior * Corresponding author. Tel. : ? 852 2609 6502; fax: ? 852 2603 5019. E-mail address: pleung@cuhk. edu. hk (P. W. L. Leung). 0140-1971/$ – see front matter O 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 (Brent, Baugher, Bridge, Chen, Chiappetta, 1999; Osvath, Voros, Fekete, 2004). A wide range of psychopathology has been implicated, including internalizing/externalizing disorders, and substance use disorders (Brent et al. , 2004; Foley et al. , 2006; Gould et al. , 2003; Lee et al. , 2009; Shaffer et al. , 1996; Stewart et al. , 2006). Furthermore, the risk of suicidal behavior increases with the number of comorbid disorders and with the combination of mood, disruptive and substance abuse disorders (Brent et al. , 1999; Shaffer et al. , 1996). Suicide ideation is among the best predictors of suicide attempt (Prinstein et al. , 2008; Wong et al. , 2008). Studies also suggest that the occurrence of life stressors may prompt suicide ideators into acting on their ideation, ending up in attempted suicide (Borges et al. , 2008; Liu Tein, 2005). Based upon the above review, our model on youth suicide attempt starts with family risk factors such as a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation. We postulate that poor family relationship, psychopathology, life stressors, and suicide ideation act as mediators, leading to suicide attempt. Speci? cally, we hypothesize that a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation are associated with poor family relationship. The latter is in turn related to the occurrence of psychopathology in youths. Comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders then play a crucial role as risk factors to recent life stressors and suicide ideation. Finally, the latter two are risk factors directly linked to suicide attempt. Method Participants and procedure A total of 2754 grade 7–11 Chinese high school students were recruited to participate voluntarily in the study. They were randomly sampled from 15 mainstream high schools of diversi? ed academic rankings from different regions of Hong Kong. The participating schools represented a convenience sample, since they were schools served by the School Counselling Service of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council, at which the ? rst author of this study worked. However, the participating schools covered a full range of academic rankings and a wide geographic spread across Hong Kong, and no speci? c bias in their sampling was noted. Thus, they were considered to be representative of local mainstream schools. Special schools of various kinds were excluded. Ethics approval was ? rst obtained from the relevant institutional authority. School visits were then made to explain the objectives of the study. You read "Youth Suicide" in category "Papers" A total of 15 schools were contacted and all of them (100%) agreed to participate in the study. Informed written consents were obtained from parents of the randomly sampled students. The response rate was 94. 4%. The participants completed the self-report questionnaires during school hours. The returned questionnaires were screened for severe psychopathology and suicidal behavior. For ethical reasons, the corresponding school counselors would be alerted for such cases in order to take appropriate actions. Measures Psychopathology The 1991 version of Youth Self-Report (YSR) was re-validated with satisfactory test–retest reliability and criterion validity for use with Hong Kong Chinese youths (Leung et al. , 2006). It evaluated the occurrence of psychopathology in the past 6 months. Since two items in YSR referred to suicidal/self harm behavior and they thus contaminated the relationship under investigation between psychopathology and suicidal behavior, the two items were removed in this study from the construct of internalizing problems as assessed by YSR. Youth suicide ideation/attempt Self-report measures of suicide ideation/attempt had been found to be reliable primary data sources (Joiner, Rudd, Rajab, 1999; Miranda et al. , 2008). Two measures were used to assess suicide ideation/attempt in this study. First, YSR had two items that referred to suicide ideation and attempt, respectively. However, a single-item measure for a variable was considered undesirable. Hence, two short self-report questionnaires for suicide ideation and attempt were extracted respectively from an existing, longer questionnaire used in a previous local study which asked the occurrences and details of suicide ideation, communication, plan, and attempt (Ho, Leung, Hung, Lee, Tang, 2000). This questionnaire was found useful in assessing the suicidal behavior of peers of suicide completers and attempters. Depending on whether a youth had consistently indicated suicide ideation and/or attempt both in the adapted questionnaires and with the corresponding item in YSR, he/she would be considered ategorically in this study as a suicide ideator and/or attempter, or not. Recent life stressors The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS; Holmes Rahe, 1967) asked 30 stressful life events which might happen to the young people and their families in the preceding 12 months. In this study, items in the SRRS related to parental con? ict and divorce/separation were excluded, since t hese family events were separately examined elsewhere as family risk factors in our model. Items irrelevant to local young adolescents were also excluded (e. g. accepted at a college of your choice). Family relationship In this study, the Family Relationship Index (FRI), a composite of three subscales (i. e. , cohesion, expressiveness, and con? ict) of the Family Environment Scale (FES; Moos Moos, 1986), was used as a measure of family relationship. The FRI had Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 3 been found to correlate well with other measures of family dysfunction (Hoge, Andrews, Faulkner, Robinson, 1989) and was widely used in research with Chinese youths (Locke Prinz, 2002). Parents’ marital status The current marital status of the participants’ parents was enquired with reference to divorce/separation. History of physical abuse Participants were asked to report if they had experienced any physical abuse in the family since childhood. Three items were adapted from Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein et al. 1994) and two additional ones that were relevant to the local Chinese context were speci? cally written for this study, e. g. , ‘‘People in my family had applied corporal punishment to me’’ and ‘‘After I was being physically punished, I had to go to see a doctor or could not go to school’’. Data analysis First, a series of logistic regre ssion analysis would be conducted to explore the signi? cance of each individual risk factor separately in predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Except for parental divorce/separation, other risk factors were measured in this study in dimensional scales. They were turned into ategorical data in this logistic regression analysis using distributional cutoffs to de? ne relative deviance (see Table 1 for the exact de? nitions of cutoffs). Second, we tested our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, using hierarchical regression ? rst. The series of predictors would be entered in steps according to their positions in relation to suicide attempt in our proposed model. The risk factors of a history of physical abuse and parental divorce/separation would ? rst be forced into the regression equation, after controlling for effects of the background variables (including age, gender, and family income). Family relationship would then be entered into the equation in the second step. The third batch of predictors would be internalizing and externalizing problems. They were followed in turn by suicide ideation and life stressors. We hypothesized a partial or complete mediational model in which the effects of factors entered ? rst would be attenuated or superseded by those of the subsequent factors in predicting youth suicide attempt. Lastly, path analysis would be conducted to directly test our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, using Lisrel 8. 71. Path analysis has its strengths in examining the chains of in? uences between independent variables, and in postulating the possible cause-and-effect relations among variables for further investigation. An ordinary sample covariance matrix for path analysis would not be appropriate to deal with the dichotomous data of suicidal behavior and parental divorce/separation, as well as the kurtosis and skewness within the other dimensional data. Instead, an asymptotic covariance matrix should be used, analysis of which would require the use of an estimator that allowed for non-normality. The weighted least squares (WLS) method, instead of the maximum likelihood estimator, had provision for such non-normality and was thus the appropriate estimator to be used in this study. Results The mean age of the 2754 participants was 13. 9 years (SD ? 1. 3, range ? 11–18). Among the participants, 55. 7% was male. There were missing data on suicidal behavior from 39 participants. Among the remaining 2715 participants, 252 participants (9. 2%) reported suicide ideation in the past 6 months. Among the 91 (3. 3%) reporting suicide attempt in the same period, only six (6. %) did not report suicide ideation. By gender, among the 1219 female participants, 167 (13. 7%) reported suicide ideation, while only two (3. 0%) of 66 (5. 4%) female suicide attempters did not report suicide ideation. The corresponding ? gures for male participants (1535) were 85 (5. 5%), four (16. 0%), and 25 (1. 6%). Table 1 Percentages of suicide ideators, attempters, and non-suicidal controls, association with various risk factors, and odds ratios (ORs) for predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Variables Cronbach’s Alpha Ideators (n ? 52) n Parents divorced/separated History of physical abusea Poor family relationshipb Internalizing problemsc Externalizing problemsc Frequent recent life stressorsd – 0. 83 0. 83 0. 89 0. 88 – 41 73 142 76 99 102 % 16. 3 29. 0 56. 3 30. 2 39. 3 40. 5 Attempters (n ? 91) n 19 29 51 32 45 44 % 20. 9 31. 9 56. 0 35. 2 49. 5 48. 4 Non-suicidal controls (n ? 2457) n 239 169 602 103 153 364 % 9. 7 6. 9 24. 5 4. 2 6. 2 14. 8 Ideators vs controls OR 1. 8** 5. 8*** 3. 8*** 13. 9*** 9. 8*** 3. 6*** (95% CI) (1. 2–2. 6) (4. 2–8. 1) (2. 9–5. 1) (9. 6–20. 1) (7. 1–13. 4) (2. 7–4. 8) Attempters vs controls OR 2. 3** 5. *** 3. 7*** 10. 7*** 11. 1*** 5. 2*** (95% CI) (1. 3–4. 0) (3. 3–8. 6) (2. 4–5. 7) (6. 6–17. 5) (7. 1–17. 5) (3. 4–8. 1) **p 0. 01; ***p 0. 001. a Cutoff at total score ? 6 (80th percentile). b Cutoff at total score ? 15 (80th percentile). c Cutoff at T-score ? 64 (at clinical range, 92nd percentile). d Cutoff at number of recent life stressors ? 4 (80th percentile). Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 07 ARTICLE IN PRESS 4 G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 Table 1 presents the internal consistency coef? cients of the measures employed in this study. They were consistently satisfactory, ranging from 0. 83 to 0. 89. Table 1 also lists the results of separate logistic regression analysis of each risk factor, including the percentages of suicide ideators, attempters, and non-suicidal participants (i. e. , those reporting neither suicide ideation nor attempt) having various risks, as well as the odd s ratios (ORs) of these risk factors in predicting suicide ideation and attempt. Despite multiple testing of the group differences, such testing was all theory-driven (see the literature review above) and was not random so that statistical control of the effects of multiple testing was not required. All three family risk factors (i. e. , parental divorce/separation, history of physical abuse, and poor family relationship) were more prevalent among suicide ideators and attempters, and had signi? cant ORs. Among these risk factors, a history of physical abuse was the best predictor of suicide ideation (OR ? 5. 8, 95% CI ? 4. 2–8. 1) and attempt (OR ? 5. 3, 95% CI ? 3. 3–8. 6). Nearly one third of ideators (29. 0%) and attempters (31. 9%), in contrast to 6. 9% of non-suicidal participants, had a history of being physically abused. With respect to the other two family risk factors, 16. 3% of ideators (OR ? 1. 8, 95% CI ? 1. 2–2. 6) and 20. 9% of attemptors (OR ? 2. 3, 95% CI ? 1. 3–4. 0), compared to 9. 7% of non-suicidal participants, reported parental divorce/separation, while 56. 3% of ideators (OR ? 3. 8, 95% CI ? 2. 9–5. 1) and 56. 0% of attemptors (OR ? 3. 7, 95% CI ? 2. 4–5. 7), compared to 24. 5% of nonsuicidal participants, reported poor family relationship. Compared to family factors, internalizing and externalizing problems were even more associated with higher risks of suicidal behaviors. The ORs of internalizing problems for suicide ideation and attempt were respectively 13. 9 (95% CI ? 9. 6– 20. 1) and 10. 7 (95% CI ? 6. 6–17. 5), while the ORs of externalizing problems were 9. 8 (95% CI ? 7. 1–13. 4) and 11. 1 (95% CI ? 7. 1–17. 5). Nearly one third of ideators (30. 2%) and attempters (35. 2%), in contrast to 4. 2% of non-suicidal participants, had internalizing problems. The corresponding ? gures for externalizing problems were 39. 3% and 49. 5% vs 6. %. Life stressors in the past year also elevated the risk of suicide ideation (OR ? 3. 6, 95% CI ? 2. 7–4. 8) and attempt (OR ? 5. 2, 95% CI ? 3. 4–8. 1). About 40. 5% of suicide ideators and 48. 4% of attempters were reporting more frequent life stressors, compared to 14. 8% of non-suicidal participants. Table 2 shows the results of logistic regression analysis with forced entry of subsets of risk factors in steps, after controlling for background variables (i. e. , age, gender, and family income). With each successive entry of each subset of risk factors, the majority of the previous ones became insigni? ant so that in the ? nal regression model, only recent life stressors (OR ? 1. 01, p 0. 01) and suicide ideation (OR ? 95. 7, p 0. 001) signi? cantly accounted for youth suicide attempt. In other words, despite their initial statistical signi? cance when ? rst entered into the regression model, those risk factors such as a history of physical abuse, poor family relationship, and internalizing and externalizing disorders no longer signi? cantly accounted for youth suicide attempt, after life stressors and suicide ideation were later entered into the model. This pattern of results indicated a mediational model largely compatible to our proposed model of youth suicide attempt. It should be noted that parental divorce/separation as a predictor was not signi? cant even when ? rst entered into the regression analysis alongside with a history of physical abuse. This risk factor was thus dropped in the later path analysis. Our proposed model of youth suicide attempt, in a form of a mediational model, was directly tested by path analysis. It achieved a very good ? t: c2 (6, N ? 2754) ? 39. 5, p 0. 0001; GFI ? 0. 99; AGFI ? 0. 97; RMSEA ? 0. 045; NFI ? 0. 96; CFI ? . 97; RMR ? 0. 57 (Fig. 1). Weighted least squares standardized estimators of the model and their signi? cance according to the two-tailed z value are presented in Fig. 1. All paths shown were signi? cant at p 0. 01. As shown in Fig. 1, a history of physical abuse, as a family risk factor, was linked directly to suicide ideation, as well as to the ? rst tier of mediators in the mod el, namely, poor family relationship, and externalizing and internalizing problems. They were in turn linked to suicide ideation. The externalizing and internalizing problems were additionally linked to recent life stressors. Finally, suicidal ideation and life stressors were both associated with suicide attempt, with life stressors also linking to the suicide ideation as well. This mediational model with several tiers of mediators explained 48% and 87% of the variances in youth suicide ideation and attempt, respectively. Table 2 Logistic regression of risk factors in predicting youth suicide attempt, controlled for demographic variables. Blocks entered to the modela Deviance between blocks (c2)b 18. 37*** 1. 02*** n. s. 55. 59*** 72. 71*** 1. 02** n. s. 1. 17*** 1. 01* n. s. 1. 07** 1. 07*** 1. 09*** 168. 80*** 10. 5*** 1. 02* n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. n. s. 95. 67*** 1. 01** ORs 1 2 3 4 5 1. Family factors History of physical abuse Parental divorce/separation 2. Poor family relationship 3. Psychopathology Internalizing problems Externalizing problems 4. Suicide ideation 5. Life stressors n. s. n. s. 103. 72*** n. s. : non-signi? cant. *p 0. 05; **p 0. 01; ***p 0. 001. a The sequence of blocks ent ered into the logistic regression model; all factors entered were continuous variables except parental divorce/separation and suicide ideation. b Chi-square deviance of each block entered. Please cite this article in press as: Wan, G. W. Y. , Leung, P. W. L. , Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building, Journal of Adolescence (2010), doi:10. 1016/j. adolescence. 2009. 12. 007 ARTICLE IN PRESS G. W. Y. Wan, P. W. L. Leung / Journal of Adolescence xxx (2010) 1–8 5 0. 85*** 0. 52*** 0. 13*** 1. 00*** History of physical abuse 0. 39*** Poor family relationship 0. 19*** 0. 13*** Suicide ideation 0. 20*** 0. 15*** 0. 88*** Suicide attempt 0. 21*** 0. 17*** 0. 44*** 0. 79*** 0. 13*** 0. 33*** Externalizing problems 0. 42*** 0. 29*** Recent stressors 0. 82*** *p How to cite Youth Suicide, Papers

Evaluation Information Systems Investments - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Evaluation Information Systems Investments? Answer: Introducation Managerial role is about the behavior of the manager which consists of three categories: informational, interpersonal and decisional roles. In context to this, the informational role is about managing information, interpersonal includes managing through people, and decisional role is about management with the help of actions. There are various roles played by the manager within an organization such as Monitor, Leader, Disseminator, spokesperson and much more which leads the company to accomplish its objectives in an efficient manner (Willcocks, 2013). The current file is based on the personal experience regarding the managerial role. For this, Darrell Lea a famous Australian Chocolate producing and selling firm is taken into consideration. Concerning this, the report consists of requirements of the job, relations of other individuals with the manager, significant interaction with the both formal and informal factors for accomplishing the organizational objectives. Description about the actual requirements of the job Darrell Lea is one of the famous chocolate-making and selling company of the Australia. The company is popular among the people for its variety of range like Choc-Lea-Bloc, Little Brittle, STIX, Batch 37, Bigger Better bbs and much more. I am working as Manager in this repudiated firm. Actual requirements for the job of manager asked by the cited company are as follows: Education or Qualification: The required qualification for the role of the manager of Darrell Lea considers Bachelors degree and a diploma in the field of management or business. Along with this, it is also vital to have 2years of experience in the critical position. Skills and Talent: Darrell Lea asks for management skills along with knowledge about its various areas like process improvement, performance management, strategic planning, quality management and development of standards. Other necessary skills needed are staffing, coordination, time management, team management, problem-solving and technical skills (Project Systems Management. 2017). Job Duties: In the organization list of duties which are done by the manager includes the contribution in recruitment and selection process, training, and development, job analysis, reward management, performance appraisal, etc. Along with this, it is the responsibility of the manager to develop a strategic plan by studying the overall working for accomplishing the objectives. The manager also does the creation of policies and procedures for establishing the friendly and work-oriented environment. Also, I also contribute to the establishment of procurement, production, and marketing of the chocolates among the customers. Identification of other individuals from inside and outside the organization Interaction with the people plays an essential role in overall development and accomplishment of the assigned tasks. Along with this, proper communication also develops productive relations with the employees of the company. In context to this, I interact with the various numbers of individuals inside and outside the Darrell Lea. These persons aware me about the different aspects of company processes, my work, my roles and responsibilities, my skills and knowledge and many other things. As Manager I interact with the following individuals who are essential to my job: Team Members Supervisor Customers Candidates for recruitment (Bryde, Broquetas Volm, 2013) Colleagues Principle characteristics of the individuals The above question represents the type of individuals I interact with for my company work. Each person has his or her importance and attributes in my job which are described below: Team Members: My team includes both male and female workers between the ages of 25 to 35 years. These members are skilled, talented and experts in their essential areas like production management, strategic management, decision making, technical skills, etc. The type of interaction with my team is formal whereas it becomes informal sometimes for reducing the stress and burden of work (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). Supervisor: The senior employee of top-level management with experience of more than ten years in the field of management is my supervisor. My communication with him is formal and concerning my work and responsibilities. Customers: Company focus on the children having the age between 5 to 20 years. I also interact with the parents of the kids for knowing their satisfaction level regarding the quality and taste of the chocolates Darrell Lae offers to them. Outside Candidates for recruitment: I interact with the external individuals up to age 30 for fulfilling the vacant place of job. These individuals should have required knowledge, skills and capabilities. The communication between us is formal in interview sessions. Colleagues: These individuals are both male and female belong with the different departments of the company like production, financial, human resource, etc. There is both formal and informal type of communication with my colleagues (Stark, 2015). Nature of the interdependency that exit Relation of manager with the different type of individuals along with the interdependency between them is as follows: Team Members: My team includes group employees who help in completing the work regarding the making of chocolates effectively and efficiently. I interact with my team by conducting formal and informal meetings. In this, formal sessions consist of problem-solving, decision making, information sharing and conflict handling processes. On the other hand, informal meetings are formed for increasing communication, relationship, trust, and cooperation among the team members. These help me in following my roles and responsibilities correctly for achieving the objectives of Darrell Lae. Complex tasks, intricate strategies, etc. also boost up my skills and talent (Mir Pinnington, 2014). Supervisor: It is my responsibility to provide a proper record of project progress or work to the supervisor. The senior employee who is my supervisor gives me feedbacks with respect to my work. In this, positive reviews motivate me to keep my job continue whereas negative reviews drive me to develop my skills, capabilities and improve my performance. Proper guidance and monitoring of supervisor results to better handling and managing of my work and duties. Customers: These are the most critical assets of the Darrell Lea who leads to accomplishing its goals accurately. I interact with for understanding their needs, want and desire for making chocolates accordingly. I also communicate with the customers like parents of kids for handling their queries and knowing their reviews regarding the chocolates of the company. This information helps in selection of proper and effective strategies and approaches for the production of the chocolates of the right type (Kerzner, 2013). Candidates for recruitment: Manager took part in recruitment and selection process for hiring of right and desirable candidate as per the requirement of the job. I interact with the individuals at the time of interviews for knowing their talent, knowledge, and skills regarding the particular position. Matching of candidates skills and capabilities with the job requirements result in their selection in the Darrell Lea. Colleagues: I communicate formally with the managers of different departments for knowing the companys current position. Informal interaction with colleagues in leisure time also helps in reducing my stress regarding the work or job. My colleagues are both male and female with having good experience in their respected areas (Schwalbe, 2015). Diagrammatic representation of the above interdependencies Diagrammatic representation helps in better understanding of the roles and responsibilities along with the tasks. All the individuals described above, i.e., team members, colleagues, candidates for recruitment, customers and supervisors along with the manager are as follows Conclusion The above study concluded that the managerial role is full of challenges and complexities. It is imperative for a manager to have proper interaction with the individuals for fulfilling their responsibilities and accomplishing their goals. The diagram represents the interdependency of the manager on the different individuals and vice versa. References Bryde, D., Broquetas, M., Volm, J. M. (2013). The project benefits of building information modelling (BIM).International journal of project management,31(7), 971-980. Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Willcocks, L. (2013).Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer Project Systems Management. 2017. [PDF]. Available Through: https://www.mustanghdp.com/documents/PROJECTSYSMGMT.pdf. [Accessed on 8th October 2017